Listen to Podcast Episode 102: Ten PANCE, PANRE, and Rotation Review Questions
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Welcome to episode 102 of the Audio PANCE and PANRE Physician Assistant/Associate Board Review Podcast.
Join me today as we cover ten board review questions for your PANCE, PANRE, EOR, and EOC exams.
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Interactive exam to complement today’s podcast
1. Which of the following is NOT true about a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction?
A. Non-enteric-coated, chewable aspirin 325 mg should be given
B. Troponins are elevated
C. It happens due to a partially occluded epicardial coronary artery
D. Patients need a 12-lead EKG
E. You will always see ST depressions
Answer and topic summary
The answer is E. You will always see ST depressions
A non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is defined by the absence of persistent ST-elevation with elevated cardiac biomarkers (e.g., troponin I or T, CKMB, etc). It happens due to a partially occluded epicardial coronary artery (leading to subendocardial ischemia). NSTEMI typically presents as pressure-type chest pain.
Patients with a suspected NSTEMI should receive a 12-lead EKG within 10 minutes of arrival. ST depression, transient ST-elevation, and/or T-wave inversions may be seen on EKG, but they are NOT required for the diagnosis of NSTEMI. The most important medication to give is non-enteric-coated chewable aspirin 325 mg. Other meds include sublingual nitroglycerin, oxygen as needed, beta-blockers (assuming no C/I), high-intensity statin, ACE inhibitors (if CKD, DM, or EF < 40%), P2Y12 inhibitor (e.g., clopidogrel), anticoagulation, and possibly PCI with stenting or CABG.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Cardiology ⇒ Coronary Heart Disease ⇒ Acute myocardial infarction ⇒ Non-ST-Segment Elevation MI (NSTEMI)
Also covered as part of the Family Medicine EOR, Internal Medicine EOR, Emergency Medicine EOR topic list
2. A 22-year-old G1P0 female at 28 weeks gestation with a history of diabetes presents to the clinic with fever, chills, and dysuria. Vitals show tachycardia (115 bpm), tachypnea (22 bpm), and hypotension (90/58 mmHg). Physical exam reveals suprapubic tenderness. Labs reveal leukocytosis, hyponatremia, and hyperglycemia. Urine dipstick is positive for nitrites, blood, glucose, and ketones. Which of the following is the next best step?
A. Send home with oral antibiotics and analgesics
B. Reassurance and oral rehydration solution
C. Admit to hospital for antibiotics, fluids, & insulin
D. Order outpatient CT scan of the abdomen
E. Refer to an outpatient nephrologist for workup
Answer and topic summary
The answer is C. Admit to hospital for antibiotics, fluids, & insulin
The patient most likely has pyelonephritis, which is an infection of the upper urinary tract and kidneys. It is one of the most common causes of sepsis in pregnancy. The pyelonephritis is also precipitating diabetic ketoacidosis in this diabetic patient.
Clinical features of pyelonephritis include fever, flank pain, N/V, and possible CVA tenderness. Pregnant patients are at high risk for obstetric and medical complications from the infection. It is recommended that pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis should be admitted for IV antibiotics (typically at least until the woman is febrile for 1-2 days and symptomatically improved). Antibiotic options include cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem. This patient will also need insulin and fluids.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Genitourinary ⇒ Infectious Disorders ⇒ Pyelonephritis
Also covered as part of the Family Medicine EOR, Internal Medicine EOR, and Emergency Medicine EOR topic list
3. Which of the following is the most common benign neoplasm of the liver?
A. Hepatocellular carcinoma
B. Hepatic hemangioma
C. Liver angiosarcoma
D. Hepatocellular adenoma
E. Hepatoblastoma
Answer and topic summary
The answer is B. Hepatic hemangioma
Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign liver lesions. The typical patient is a 30 to a 50-year-old woman. Exposure to estrogen may increase the size of hepatic hemangiomas. Patients are typically asymptomatic; however, if they do have symptoms they may have RUQ abdominal pain. An ultrasound will show a homogeneous, hyperechoic mass. If lesions are < 5 cm, you usually don’t need to do anything. If > 5 cm, monitoring is needed Q6-12 months via MRI.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint GI and Nutrition ⇒ Gastrointestinal System Neoplasms ⇒ Liver neoplasms
4. A 12-year-old male presents with a sore throat, fever, dysphagia, and a muffled voice. On physical exam, the uvula is deviated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Pharyngitis only
B. Retropharyngeal abscess
C. Peritonsillar abscess
D. Oral candidiasis
E. Foreign body
Answer and topic summary
The answer is C. Peritonsillar abscess
A peritonsillar abscess is a collection of pus near the tonsils. The most common causes are Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), Streptococcus anginosus, & Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical features include muffled voice, sore throat, fever, drooling, neck pain, fatigue, and decreased PO intake. On physical exam, the uvula may be deviated. Diagnostic tests that can be done include ultrasound or CT with contrast (depends). Treatment is antibiotics, drainage, and supportive care.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint EENT ⇒ Oropharyngeal disorders ⇒ Infectious and inflammatory disorders ⇒ Peritonsillar abscess
Also covered as part of the Pediatric EOR, Family Medicine EOR, and Emergency Medicine EOR topic list
5. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Haemophilus influenzae
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Streptococcus pyogenes
E. Neisseria meningitidis
Answer and topic summary
The answer is B. Haemophilus influenzae
Acute epiglottitis is an inflammatory condition of the epiglottis (usually due to a bacterial infection). In severe situations, it is life-threatening. The most common cause overall is said to be Haemophilus influenzae; however, in adults, Streptococcal species now tend to be more common. The management of this disease should focus on giving antibiotics and steroids. Airway management and securing an airway is the most important part of treatment.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Pulmonary ⇒ Infectious Pulmonary Disorders ⇒ Acute epiglottitis
Also covered as part of the Pediatric EOR and Emergency Medicine EOR topic list
6. A 32-year-old female presents with pain around the nail fold on the index finger of her right hand. She is afebrile. On physical exam, you appreciate erythema and swelling of the proximal nail fold. The area is not fluctuant. Which of the following is the best treatment option?
A. Topical antibiotics and warm water soaks
B. Intravenous antibiotics
C. Oral antibiotics and incision and drainage
D. Surgical consult for removal
E. None of the above
Answer and topic summary
The answer is A. Topical antibiotics and warm water soaks
The patient has acute paronychia, which is a very common condition and essentially is just inflammation of the nail folds. The most common bacterial causes are Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes. Risk factors include manicures, nail biting, and picking at nails. Clinical features include sudden onset of painful erythema and swelling. Sometimes an abscess will be present. In this patient’s case, there was no fluctuance and so topical antibiotics and warm water soaks would be appropriate.
If the patient had an abscess, oral antibiotics and incision/drainage (with number 11 surgical blade) would be reasonable.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Infectious Disease ⇒ Bacterial Disease ⇒ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
7. A 60-year-old male presents with fatigue and weight loss. His physical exam is remarkable for gingival hyperplasia and splenomegaly. Labs reveal pancytopenia. A bone marrow biopsy reveals Auer rods. What is the likely diagnosis?
A. Acute myeloid leukemia
B. Acute lymphocytic leukemia
C. Chronic myeloid leukemia
D. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
E. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Answer and topic summary
The answer is A. Acute myeloid leukemia
The patient has acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is a group of cancers that involve the myeloid precursor cells. It is characterized by clonal proliferation (excessive growth) of abnormal myeloid precursor cells. Risk factors include smoking and chemotherapy/radiation.
Clinical features include fatigue, pallor, weakness, bone pain, gingival bleeding, and organomegaly. Lab findings are variable but may include pancytopenia (decrease in RBCs, WBCs, and platelets), electrolyte derangements, and/or hypoxemia. Workup should include a peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy. The bone marrow biopsy will classically show Auer rods and >20% blasts.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Hematology ⇒ Neoplasms, premalignancies, and malignancies ⇒ Acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia
Also covered as part of the Family Medicine EOR topic list
8. A 42-year-old female presents for an annual physical exam with some complaints of fatigue and dyspnea. On physical exam, you appreciate a fixed S2 split. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Ventricular septal defect
B. Mitral regurgitation
C. Aortic stenosis
D. Atrial septal defect
E. Patent ductus arteriosus
Answer and topic summary
The answer is D. Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect is the most common congenital heart lesion in adults. People often don’t have symptoms until adulthood. The most common type is ostium secundum. Symptoms include fatigue and dyspnea. A classic physical exam finding on a test would be a systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo flow murmur @ LUSB with FIXED S2, loud S1. Echocardiography is the initial imaging modality of choice. Keep in mind that a complication of ASD is that the left to right shunt can cause volume and pressure overload of the right heart and pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary hypertension.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Cardiology ⇒ Congenital Heart Disease ⇒ Atrial septal defect
Also covered as part of the Pediatric EOR topic list
9. Which of the following is not a test for acute appendicitis?
A. Murphy sign
B. Rovsing sign
C. Obturator sign
D. Psoas sign
E. McBurney sign
Answer and topic summary
The answer is A. Murphy sign
Appendicitis is one of the most common indications for emergent abdominal surgery. The most common physical exam finding is RLQ tenderness. There are some tests that may help with the diagnosis — keep in mind though that these tests/signs are NOT sensitive.
- Rovsing sign: pain in the RLQ with palpation of the LLQ (indicative of peritoneal irritation)
- McBurney sign: tenderness about 2 inches from the ASIS (on a straight line from ASIS to the umbilicus)
- Psoas sign: RLQ pain with passive right hip extension
- Obturator sign: flexion of the right hip and knee, followed by internal rotation of the right hip elicits RLQ pain
Murphy’s sign is positive in acute cholecystitis, not appendicitis. A positive test is RUQ pain on inspiration.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint GI and Nutrition ⇒ Diseases of the Small Intestine ⇒ Appendicitis
Also covered as part of the Emergency Medicine EOR, Family Medicine EOR, Pediatric EOR, and General Surgery EOR topic list
10. A 31-year-old female presents with pain and numbness in her anterior tibial region. On physical exam, the area is pale, cold, and pulseless. Which of the following is the best definitive treatment for this likely diagnosis?
A. Antiplatelets
B. Amputation
C. Physical therapy
D. Fasciotomy
E. IV heparin drip
Answer and topic summary
The answer is D. Fasciotomy
The patient has acute compartment syndrome, which is when the tissue pressure within a closed muscle compartment exceeds the perfusion pressure. It can result in ischemia. The most common location is the calf. Many cases of acute compartment syndrome in the lower extremity are associated with fractures, burn injuries, crush injuries, or soft tissue infections. The “5 P’s” can help you remember the symptoms – pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, paralysis. Extremity fasciotomy is the treatment for acute compartment syndrome.
Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:
Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Musculoskeletal ⇒ Compartment Syndrome
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The post Podcast Episode 102: Ten PANCE, PANRE, and Rotation Review Questions appeared first on The Audio PANCE and PANRE.
2023-02-09
