توضیح جامع درباره توهم‌زاها (روانگردان‌ها)😵🍄دکتر آذرخش مکری

دکتر آذرخش مکری؛ روانپزشک

توهم‌زا (به انگلیسی: Hallucinogen) به دسته بزرگی از سایکواکتیو‌های طبیعی و آزمایشگاهی گفته می‌شود که بیشتر باعت توهم، هذیان، دگرگونی در ادراک و احساسات می‌شوند.

سه دسته بزرگ توهم‌زاها، روان‌گردان‌ها و منفک کننده‌ها و هذیان‌آورها هستند.

درسگفتار توهم زا ها

داروی فعال‌کننده روان یا روان انگیز یا سایکو اکتیو (به انگلیسی: Psychoactive drug)نوعی ترکیب شیمیایی است که عملکرد مغز را تغییر داده و باعث تغییراتی در ادراک، خلق، خودآگاهی یا رفتار می‌شود.[۱] این مواد را می‌توان برای مصارف پزشکی یا تفننی برای بهبود عامدانهٔ عملکرد یا تغییر خودآگاهی، برای مقاصد مناسکی، معنوی یا شمن‌باورانه یا برای تحقیقات به کار برد.

برخی از این داروها از سوی پزشک تجویز می‌شوند. نمونه‌های آن داروهای ضدافسردگی، داروهای ضداضطراب، داروهای ضدروان‌پریشی و داروهای محرک هستند. مصرف برخی از آنها کاملاً مجاز است و نیازی به نسخه دارویی ندارد؛ از میان آنها می‌توان به گزانتین‌ها که در قهوه، چای و شکلات یافت می‌شوند اشاره کرد.

البته لفظ «فعال کننده» در توصیف سایکواکتیوها، شاید مخاطب را به این اشتباه بیاندازد که این ترکیبات شیمیایی باعث افزایش عملکرد نورون‌ها می‌شوند، (مانند محرک‌ها) درحالی که در واقعیت دارویی که وارد بدن شود و در نهایت روی روان تأثیر گذار باشد را سایکواکتیو می‌نامند.[۲] با این حال ترکیبات شیمیایی ضروری برای بدن مانند اکسیژن و آب که هم کاهش و افزایش بیش‌از حد آنها باعث نقض در عملکرد نورون‌ها می‌شود و در نهایت تأثیر خود را روی روان نمایان می‌کنند سایکواکتیو محسوب نمی‌شوند؛ زیرا سایکواکتیوها هم نوعی دارو(Drug) محسوب می‌شوند ولی موارد اشاره شده که نیاز بدن هستند و روی روان نیز تأثیر می‌گذراند دارو محسوب نمی‌شوند. با این حال ترکیبات سایکواکتیو بسیار متنوع و طیف عظیمی از ترکیبات شیمیایی طبیعی و سنتتیک (مصنوعی و صنعتی) را شامل می‌شود و توهم‌زاها، محرک‌ها و سرکوب کننده‌ها سه ابر دسته از سایکواکتیوها محسوب می‌شوند.[۳]

تعدادی داروی فعال‌کننده روان - موادخیابانی و دارویی:

1. کوکائین
2. کراک کوکائین
3. متیل فنیدات (ریتالین)
4. افدرین
5. اکستازی
6. کاکتوس پیوت (دارای مسکالین)
7. ال‌اس‌دی
8. قارچ سیلوسایبین (Psilocybe cubensis)
9. سالویا دیوینوروم
10. دیفن هیدرامین (بنادریل)
11. قارچ آمانیتا موسکاریا
12. استامینوفن کدئین (حاوی کدئین)
13. کدئین
14. تنباکو
15. بوپروپیون
16. ماری‌جوآنا
17. حشیش

محرک‌ها[ویرایش]

مقالهٔ اصلی: محرک (دارو)

• آمفتامین‌ها
• آمفتامین
• مت‌آمفتامین
• فنیدات‌ها
• متیل‌فنیدات
• تروپان‌ها
• کوکائین
• کاتینون‌ها
• کاتینون و کاتین
• گزانتین‌ها
• کافئین
• متفرقه
• نیکوتین (در دوزهای پایین)

سرکوب کننده‌ها[ویرایش]

مقالهٔ اصلی: سرکوب کننده

• اپیوئیدها (افیون‌ها)
• مرفین
• هروئین و کراک هروئین
• دزومرفین
• کدئین
• ترامادول
• متادون
• بوپرنورفین
• فنتانیل
• سوفنتانیل
• کارفنتانیل
• بنزودیازپین‌ها
• باربیتورات‌ها
• گابارژیک‌ها
• اتانول (الکلِ نوشیدنی الکلی)
• گاما-هیدروکسی‌بوتیریک اسید GHB
• گاما بوتیرولاکتون GBL
• ۴٬۱-بوتان‌دیول
• متاکوالون
• گاباپنتینوئیدها
• گاباپنتین
• پرگابالین
• فنیبوت
• تینودیازپین‌ها
• متیزولام Metizolam
• اتیزولام Etizolam
• دزکلرو اتیزولام Deschloroetizolam
• متفرقه
• کلونیدین

A Hallucinogen is a psychoactive substance, plant or mushroom that causes an altered state of consciousness. Unlike other types of preparations, hallucinogens have a deeper impact on the psychological state as they affect the sensory impressions and the brain's perception of the self and the outside world. The effects of hallucinogens are highly individual and may differ from user to user and from time to time. [ 1 ]

A common misconception is that all hallucinogens cause hallucinations and make one see things that do not exist. In fact, far from everyone creates visual hallucinations. Hallucinogenic preparations are either found in nature (plants, mushrooms, spices) or are produced completely or partially synthetically. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

Today, most hallucinogens are classified as narcotics, with the exception of a few countries such as the Netherlands , where the sale and use of magic mushrooms and cannabis have been decriminalized . The preparations have a wide range of uses and are mostly used for recreational purposes, but also in ritual events. For example, South American Indian tribes use the entheogenic drug DMT in the form of Ayahuasca in ritual ceremonies. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] [ 5 ]

Content

• 1Effects
• 2Chemical structure
• 3Side effects of ingestion
• 4Examples of hallucinogens
• 5References
• 5.1Notes

Effects [ edit | edit wiki text ]

"Hallucinogens" as a collective name refers to drugs that have similar psychoactive effects. Common to hallucinogenic preparations are greater or lesser distortions of sense impressions and strong emotional experiences. It is not unusual for the reaction to reflect the user's original state of mind. For example, someone who was depressed before using hallucinogenic preparations can suffer from depression under the influence of the drug. [ 1 ] Physical effects include increased heart rate, nausea and sweating. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 6 ]

Hallucinogens fall into three main subcategories:

• Psychedelic drugs hallucinogens, including Cannabis , MDMA (Ecstacy), LSD and Psilocybin (mushrooms), are drugs that give rise to distortions in the psychic consciousness, which for the user are experienced as new and unfamiliar. Often it results in strong impressions and feelings, and sometimes even euphoria or hallucinations.
• Dissociative hallucinogens, which include Ibogaine , PCP (“angel dust”), Ketamine , and DXM , have similar effects to the psychedelic drugs. The big difference is that the user of dissociative drugs can experience a personality change, or a feeling of being "disconnected" from their own body. It is also common with a sense of surrealism.
• Deliriums differ from other types of hallucinogens in that the experience tends to be negative when using these drugs. Deliriums have been reported to induce strong and unpleasant hallucinations, along with potentially dangerous side effects. This includes the substances Atropine , Scopolamine and Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). [ 7 ] [ 8 ]

The addiction potential of hallucinogens is low and even if an addiction were to develop, it is not as serious as an addiction to an opiate or alcohol/ benzodiazepine . [ 9 ]

Chemical structure [ edit | edit wiki text ]

The chemical structure of hallucinogenic drugs for the various preparations looks very different. The explanation for the difference between the molecules of the different drugs is that what defines this type of drug are the effects and the experience of the drug, and not which kind of receptor it binds, as in the case of opioids , for example . This means that there is a wide selection of molecules that can be classified as hallucinogens, as the effects created by hallucinogens consist of a very wide range.

Side effects of ingestion [ edit | edit wiki text ]

The risk of triggering a potential latent psychosis or having a so-called "snow trip" increases if hallucinogens are taken. The risk of some kind of psychosis occurring during a hallucinogenic intoxication is, however, noticeably increased if the individual is somehow uncomfortable with the surrounding environment in which the individual finds himself during the intoxication. Although drugs are usually taken to feel better, the mood that the individual has when he enters the intoxication is vital to the risk of triggering a latent psychosis or not. These two factors are usually called set and setting . [ 10 ]

The term flashback is something that is often talked about when it comes to the subject of hallucinogens. A flashback can be defined as a "re-experiencing of feelings and thoughts experienced during a previous drug trip. These phenomena occur after a certain time after the last intake of the psychedelic drug and after a period of normality." [ 11 ] Flashbacks are most common in LSD users and one in seven LSD users report having experienced flashbacks. What must also be remembered when discussing flashbacks is that, as in the intoxication of hallucinogens itself, the experience of flashbacks is very individual and can even be experienced as positive. [ 11 ]

Another side effect that can occur from the use of hallucinogens is the diagnosis of HPPD ( Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder ). HPPD is a disorder of perception created by the ingestion of hallucinogens and which has a massive impact on the user's everyday life. According to the American Psychiatric Association in 1994 , HPPD is defined as "The re-experiencing, occurring after cessation of use of a hallucinogen, of one of the perceptual symptoms that occurred during the intoxication (for example, geometric hallucinations, false perceptions of movement in the peripheral visual field, color spots, intensified colors, traces of images of objects in motion, positive afterimages, hallucinations around objects, macropsia and micropsia). [ 12 ][ 13 ]

The disorder is rare but painful as the individual affected by the diagnosis is fully aware that the visual disturbances cannot be seen by other people. HPPD has no known treatment method. There is no controlled study that has been able to examine the effectiveness of treatment methods against HPPD.

Other risks of ingesting hallucinogens have to do with the fact that the alleged preparations sold on the street may have been substituted or mixed with impurities or other psychoactive substances. For example, there is so-called "wet weed" on the street, which is cannabis joints laced with the intense hallucinogen PCP . Wet weed is much more dangerous than cannabis and in some cases the user is not even aware that they have just ingested the dangerous drug, but believe they have just ingested regular cannabis. [ 14 ]

Examples of hallucinogens [ edit | edit wiki text ]

• 2C-B
• 2C-E
• 2C-I
• 4-HO-MET
• DOI
• 5-MeO-DMT
• Ayahuasca
• Atropine
• Bufotenin
• Cannabis
• Diphenhydramine
• DMT
• JUDGMENT
• DXM
• Ibogaine
• Ketamine
• LSA
• LSD
• MDA
• Ecstasy
• Mescaline
• Methoxetamine
• Muscarine
• Nutmeg
• N-ethyl-2C-B
• PCP
• Psilocybin
• Salvinorin A
• Scopolamine