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甲状腺是我们年轻人越来越关注到的问题,从甲亢到甲减,从甲状腺结节到甲状腺癌。从身边的朋友到各个社交媒体,感觉甲状腺的问题在向年轻群体逼近,但事实上真的是这样吗?这些文章的数据背后是有着什么原因呢?甲状腺结节真的是被气出来的吗?女性发病率真的比男性高吗?这一期我们请山西白求恩医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科副主任医师张宇皓老师和大家聊一聊甲状腺。
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小红书视频播客:汤瀚森|阿汤
时间轴01:49 张宇皓老师的科室介绍
03:02 张老师平时看诊较多的是哪一类疾病?
03:48 我们先来认识一下甲状腺,它在哪?它为身体起到什么功能?
06:11 甲亢(甲状腺功能亢进症)、甲减(甲状腺功能减退) 分别是什么?有哪些症状?
07:28 桥本氏甲状腺炎是一种什么疾病?
09:22 桥本氏甲状腺炎的基本症状是什么?
11:05 关于甲状腺结节是生气引起的吗?摄碘多?还是摄碘少?
11:45 甲状腺结节分为几个等级,分别有什么症状和风险?
13:03 甲状腺结节是甲亢的病因之一吗?
13:51 摸得到的结节或肿块可能是恶性的,而摸不到的结节则可能是良性的?
14:42 单个甲状腺结节一般就是恶性的,多发的甲状腺结节一般就是良性的?
15:24 有钙化的甲状腺结节一般就是恶性的?
17:24 自己如何做到早发现?出现哪些症状该注意了?
18:41 “3个7”的判断原则(大致判断原则)
19:38 为什么很多人把甲状腺癌被称为“喜癌”呢?有哪几种类型?哪些有较大风险?
22:31 乳头状癌和滤泡状癌青睐年轻人吗?
25:09 最常用的治疗手段就是切除吗?
25:41 切除的手术原则
27:03 切除甲状腺后身体将会怎样?功能如何弥补?
29:01 目前甲状腺结节甚至是甲状腺癌有没有预防方法?
29:45 海带对甲状腺有什么影响亚?临床甲减究竟是应该补碘还是禁碘?甲状腺结节是应该吃碘盐还是无碘盐?甲状腺结节患者能不能吃海带?
31:21 想了解下桥本,我妈是桥本 医生说没暂时啥问题,可能什么十年后才有问题?而且桥本是不是也会影响她减重 她脂肪肝一直就是消不掉
33:31 感觉现在甲减比较高发,主要诱因是什么呢?我也不知道咋就突然甲减了,备孕和孕期都一直监测用药。据说这是伴随终身的病,产后还有必要用药控制吗?
34:34 最近刚查出了桥本甲状腺炎,B超显示甲状腺弥漫性病变,血检甲状腺球蛋白抗体635.7,甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体大于600,其他指标正常,医生说是初期,让我补硒三个月再去复查,请问是否可以治好,平时生活习惯和饮食有没有需要注意的事项,平时可以做跳操之类的运动吗?
36:31 想了解甲状腺结节的消融术有什么优劣,是否需要明确良性才能做?
38:03 想请问一下桥本甲状腺炎到底有什么饮食要求,真的要忌口麸质吗?以及一定会发展成甲减吗?
38:53 体检甲状腺结节4.8*5.1*4.7mm,后穿刺确诊甲状腺乳头状癌,医生建议手术。据了解这是个懒癌,请问:是否必须手术治疗?是否穿刺后就必须手术,否则会加大转移风险?
41:20 甲状腺结节的女性发病率比男性高?
👆甲状腺:前面观
👇甲状腺与咽:后面观
*以上图片均来自《奈特人体解剖学彩色图谱》(第7版)
拓展阅读桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)是一种原因不明的慢性甲状腺炎症,目前认为属于自身免疫性疾病[1]。临床上不少见,以甲状腺肿大伴或不伴甲减为主要表现[2,3]。HT可分为原发性和继发性。原发性HT最常见,主要包括典型类型、纤维型(或成纤维型)、IgG4相关型、幼年型、桥毒症和无痛型(或静息型)甲状腺炎[4,5,6],后者偶发或多见于产后[7]。原发性HT可单独发生或并发于其他自身免疫性疾病(如1型糖尿病和干燥综合征)以及其他甲状腺疾病,文献报道的与甲状腺乳头状癌的相关性范围从0.5%到30%[8,9]。继发性HT多为由免疫调节药物引起的医源性疾病,如用干扰素治疗丙型肝炎病毒感染会诱发或加剧甲状腺炎[10]。另外,使用单克隆抗体阻断细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA- 4)的癌症疫苗可诱发甲状腺炎[11]。HT常并发于患者本人或家族中其他自身免疫性疾病[12],提示了HT的遗传同源[13]。
参考文献[1] RAGUSA F,FALLAHI P,ELIA G,et al.Hashimotos' thyroiditis:Epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinic and therapy[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019 ,33(6):101367.
[2] GOLDEN S H,ROBINSON K A,SALDANHA l,et al.Clinical review;prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States:a comprehensive review[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2009.94: 1853- 1878
[3] DELEMER B,AUBERT J P,NYS P,et al.An observational study of the initial management of hypothyroidism in France:theORCHIDEE study[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2012,167: 817- 823.
[4] CATUREGLI P,De REMIGIS A,CHUANG K,et al.Hashimoto's thyroiditis:celebrating the centennial through the lens of theJohns Hopkins hospital surgical pathology records [J].Thyroid,2013,23: 142- 150.
[5] LI Y,BAl Y,LIU Z,et al.lmmunohistochemistry of lgG4 can help subclassify Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis[J].Pathol lnt,2009,59: 636- 641.
[6] De LUCA F,SANTUCCI SCORICA D,et al.Hashimoto's thyroiditis in childhood:presentation modes and evolution over time[J].ltal J Pediatr,2013,39: 8.
[7] NAJI RAD S,DELUXE L.Postpartum Thyroiditis.2022 Jun 21.ln:StatPearls [M].Treasure lsland (FL):StatPearls Publishing2022 Jan.PMID:32491578.
[8] 何健,陈倩,李攀,等不同清甲剂量131对中危分化型甲状腺痛惠者治疗后临床反应和免疫功能的影响[J].标记免疫分析与临床,2022,29(4):613- 617.
[9] FERRARI S M,FALLAHI P,ELIA G,et al.Thyroid autoimmune disorders and cancer[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2020,64: 135-146.
[10] MANDAC J C,CHAUDHRY S,SHERMAN K E,et al.The clinical and physiological spectrum of interferon- alpha induced thyroiditis:toward a new classification[J].Hepatology,2006,43: 661- 672.
[11] VITA R,GUARNERI F,AGAH R,et al.Altoimmune thyroid disease elicited by NY- ESO1 vaccination[J].Thyroid,2014,24(2):390- 394.
[12] CARDENAS- ROLDAN J,ROJAS- VILLARRAGA AANAYA J M,How do autoimmune diseases cluster in families?A systed,2013,11: 73.
[13] 何健. 桥本甲状腺炎临床诊断的现状与进展[J]. 标记免疫分析与临床, 2022, 29 (11): 1961-1966.
*声明
本播客的内容仅代表个人观点,并不代表任何单位、供职机构等的立场,也不构成任何形式的医疗意见或建议等。本内容仅供健康科普使用,不能作为诊断、治疗的依据,请谨慎参考。未经本播客的授权,不得转载或使用播客节目中的任何内容。
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